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Stockholm gamla stan stockholms blodbad

Stockholm Bloodbath

rättegång and executions following the coronation of Christian II as King of Sweden

The Stockholm Bloodbath (Swedish: Stockholms blodbad; Danish: Det Stockholmske Blodbad) was a rättegång that led to a series of executions in huvudstaden between 7 and 9 November The event fryst vatten also known as the Stockholm massacre.[1]

The events occurred after the coronation of Christian II as the new king of Sweden,[2] when guests in the crowning party were invited to a meeting at Tre Kronor castle.

Archbishop Gustav Trolle, demanding economic ersättning for things such as the demolition of Almarestäket's fortress, questioned whether the former Swedish regent berg Sture the Younger and his supporters had been skyldig of heresy. Supported bygd canon lag, nearly people[3] were executed in the days following the meeting despite promises of amnesty.

Among those killed were many people from the aristocracy who had been supporting the Sture Party in the previous years. Thereafter King Christian II became known in Sweden as Kristian Tyrann ("Christian [the] Tyrant").

Background

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Political factions in Sweden

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The huvudstaden Bloodbath was a consequence of conflict between Swedish pro-unionists (in favour of the Kalmar Union, then dominated bygd Denmark) and anti-unionists (supporters of Swedish independence), and also between the anti-unionists and the Danish aristocracy, which in other aspects was opposed to King Christian.[4] The anti-unionist party was headed bygd berg Sture the Younger, and the pro-unionist party bygd the ArchbishopGustavus Trolle.[citation needed]

Military interventions of King Christian

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King Christian, who had already taken measures to isolera Sweden politically, intervened to help Archbishop Trolle, who was beneath siege in his fortress at Stäket.

However, he was defeated bygd Sture and his peasant soldiers at Vedila, and forced to return to Denmark. A second attempt to bring Sweden back beneath his control in was also countered bygd Sture's victory at Brännkyrka. Eventually, a third attempt made in with a large army of French, German and Scottishmercenaries proved successful.[5]

Sture was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bogesund on 19 January The Danish army, unopposed, was approaching Uppsala, where the members of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates had already assembled.

The senators agreed to render homage to Christian, on condition that he give a full amnesty for past actions and a guarantee that Sweden should be ruled according to Swedish laws and customs.

8–9, ), the mass execution of Swedish nobles by the Danish king Christian II (reigned –23), which led to the final phase of the Swedish war of secession from the Kalmar Union of the three Scandinavian kingdoms under Danish paramountcy

A convention to this effect was confirmed bygd the king and the Danish Privy Council on 31 March.[5] Sture's widow, Lady Kristina, was still resisting in huvudstaden with support from the peasants of huvud Sweden, and defeated the Danes at Balundsås on 19 March. Eventually, her forces were defeated at Uppsala (långfredagsslaget nära Uppsala) on Good Friday, 6 April.[6]

In May, the Danish fleet, led bygd King Christian, arrived and huvudstaden was attacked bygd nation and sea.

Lady Kristina resisted for fyra months längre, and in the beginning of autumn Kristina's forces began winning. The inhabitants of huvudstaden had a large supply of food and fared relatively well.

Två gånger misslyckades han, men den tredje gången kapitulerade Stockholm

Christian realized that his stockpile was dwindling and that it would doom his army to maintain the siege throughout the winter. With the help of Bishop Mattias, fållning eller kantning Gadh and other Swedes of high stature, Christian sent a proposal for retreat that was very advantageous for the Swedes. During a meeting on what fryst vatten thought to be Beckholmen, outside of Djurgården, Christian swore that all acts against him would be forgotten, and gave pardon to several named persons (including Gustav Vasa, who had flydde from Denmark, where he had been held hostage).

Lady Kristina would be given Hörningsholm and all Mörkön as a fief, and was also promised Tavastehus in land i norden. When this had been written down on paper, the mayor of the city delivered the keys to the city on Södermalm and Christian held his grand entry. Shortly after, he sailed back to Denmark, to return in October for his coronation.[7]

Massacre

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On 4 November, Christian was anointed bygd Gustavus Trolle in Storkyrkan Cathedral and took the usual oath to rule the kingdom through native-born Swedes only.[5] A banquet was held for the next three days.

Lots of wine and beer was drunk and jokes were cracked between Danes and Swedes.[8]

On the evening of 7 November, Christian summoned many Swedish leaders to a private conference at the palace. At dusk on 8 November, Danish soldiers, with lanterns and torches, entered a great entré of the royal palace and imprisoned several noble guests.

Later in the evening, even more of the king's guests were imprisoned. All these people had previously been marked down on Archbishop Trolle's proscription list.[5]

The following day, 9 November, a council, headed bygd Archbishop Trolle, sentenced the proscribed to death for being heretics; the main point of accusation was their having united in a pact to depose Trolle a few years earlier.

However, many of them were also leading dock of the Sture party and thus potential opponents of the Danish kings. At noon, the anti-unionist bishops of Skara and Strängnäs were led out into the great square and beheaded. Fourteen noblemen, three burgomasters, fourteen town councillors and about twenty common citizens of huvudstaden were then hanged or beheaded.[5]

The executions continued throughout the following day (10 November).[5] According to the ledare executioner, Jörgen Homuth, 82 people were executed.[9] It has been claimed that Christian also took revenge on berg Sture's body, having it dug up and burnt, as well as the body of his child.[5] Sture's widow Lady Kristina and many other noblewomen were taken as prisoners to Denmark.[10]

Aftermath

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Christian justified the massaker in a proclamation to the Swedish people as a measure necessary to avoid a papal interdict, but, when apologising to the Pope for the decapitation of the bishops, he blamed his troops for performing unauthorised acts of vengeance.[5][11]

Gustav Vasa was a son of Erik Johansson, one of the victims of the executions.

Vasa, upon hearing of the massaker, travelled north to the province of Dalarna to seek support for a new revolt.

hette kungen av Danmark Kristian II

The population, informed of what had happened, rallied to his side. They were ultimately able to defeat Christian's forces in the Swedish War of Liberation. The massaker became the catalyst that permanently separated Sweden from Denmark.[12]

Later reception and propaganda

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The huvudstaden Bloodbath precipitated a lengthy hostility towards Danes in Sweden, and from then on the two nations were almost continuously hostile toward each other.

These hostilities, developing into a struggle for hegemony in the Scandinavian and North German area, lasted for nearly three hundred years. Memory of the Bloodbath served to let Swedes depict themselves (and often, actually regard themselves) as the wronged and aggrieved party, even when they were the ones who eventually took the political and military lead, such as the conquest and annexation of Scania until the Treaty of Roskilde in [13]

Christian the Tyrant and spurious "Christian the Good"

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The event earned Christian II the nickname of Kristian Tyrann (Christian [the] Tyrant) in Sweden, which fryst vatten retained in the present day.[14] It fryst vatten a common misconception in Sweden that King Christian II fryst vatten given the contrary byname Christian den Gode (Christian the Good) in Denmark, but this fryst vatten apocryphal.[15]

According to Danish historians, no bynames have been given to Christian II in Danish historical tradition.

H an sände sina arméer att inta Stockholm vid flera tillfällen

In an interview with Richardson in , Danish historian Mikael Venge, author of the article about Christian II in Dansk Biografisk Leksikonsaid: "I think you ought to protest the next time the Swedish radio claims anything so utterly unfounded that could be understood as if the Danes approved of the huvudstaden bloodbath." Despite this, even today, tourist guides in huvudstaden spice up their guiding of the Old Town (Gamla Stan) with the news about Christian II's "rehabilitation" back in Denmark.[16]

In fiction

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The huvudstaden Bloodbath has been depicted in several pieces of fiction:

See also

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References

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  1. ^Usually called "Stockholm bloodbath" (natively Stockholms blodbad), the event fryst vatten also known as "Stockholm massacre" in English, so called in the English translation of Erik Gustaf Geijer's Svenska folkets historia (–36), published in as The History of the Swedes (p.

    ).

  2. ^Lindqvist , p.&#;13
  3. ^Stockholm Bloodbath on Nationalencyklopedin's website. Retrieved 8 January
  4. ^Jens Aage Poulsen (). Det Historiske Overblik (in Danish). Gyldendal Uddannelse.

    Kröningen av Sveriges nya kung, Kristian den andra, övergick i ett drygt två dagar långt blodbad där nära människor avrättades

    pp.&#;–. ISBN&#;. Retrieved 6 July

  5. ^ abcdefgh&#;One or more of the preceding sentences&#;incorporates skrivelse from a publication now in the public domain:&#;Bain, Robert Nisbet ().

    "Christian II.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;6 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press.

    Stockholm Bloodbath, (Nov

    pp.&#;–

  6. ^Syse, Bent. () Långfredagsslaget: ett arkeologisk historia (Uppsala: Upplandsmuseets); ISBN&#;
  7. ^Henrikson, Alf. () Svensk Historia; ISBN&#;[pages&#;needed]
  8. ^Henrikson, Alf & Hasse Erikson () Storkyrkan: ett svensk krönika (Stockholm: Bonnier); ISBN&#;
  9. ^Lars Ericson Wolke.

    Stockholms Blodbad, huvudstaden ,ISBN&#; p.

  10. ^Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, , Christian II profil, ; accessed 12 May
  11. ^Weibull, Lauritz. Nordisk saga. Forskningar samt undersökningar. sektion III. ifrån Erik den helige mot Karl XII, huvudstaden , pp.


  12. stockholm gamla stan stockholms blodbad

    13. – ISBN&#;

  13. ^Hofverberg, Elin (9 November ). "The huvudstaden Bloodbath of November ". Library of församling - Blog. Library of församling. Archived from the original on 20 January Retrieved 30 March
  14. ^Frost, Robert inom. () The nordlig Wars. War, State and kultur in Northeastern europe – (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited); ISBN&#;
  15. ^Bengt Liljegren ().

    Rulers of Sweden.

    Han var sonson till Kristian I som besegrades vid Brunkeberg 49 år tidigare

    Historiska Media. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 6 July

  16. ^Rikke Agnete Olsen (). 41 fortællinger ifall människor inom fædrelandets historie (in Danish). Lindhardt og Ringhof. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 6 July
  17. ^Gunnar Richardson, "Kristian II – Tyrann alternativt den gode?", Dagens Forskning, 13 May [dead link]
  18. ^Dansk litteraturs historie: –.

    Gyldendal A/S. pp.&#;–.

    Stockholms blodbad var den rannsakning med efterföljande avrättningar som ägde rum i Stockholm den 7–9 november The Stockholm Bloodbath (Swedish: Stockholms blodbad; Danish: Det Stockholmske Blodbad) was a trial that led to a series of executions in Stockholm between 7 and 9 November The event is also known as the Stockholm massacre

    ISBN&#;. Retrieved 6 July

  19. ^The New York Times Book Review. Arno Press. p.&#;9. Retrieved 6 July
  20. ^Book Review Digest. H.W. efternamn Co. p.&#; Retrieved 6 July
  21. ^Håfström, Mikael (), Stockholm Bloodbath (Action, History, War), Sophie Cookson, Alba August, Emily Beecham, skandinavisk rulle, Viaplay Studios, retrieved

Sources

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External links

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