Är arnica och arnica montana samma sak

Species of europeisk flowering plant

Arnica montana, also known as wolf's bane, leopard's bane, mountain tobacco and mountain arnica,^[4] fryst vatten a moderately toxic europeisk flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae that has a large yellow flower head.

The names "wolf's bane" and "leopard's bane" are also used for another plant, Aconitum, which fryst vatten extremely poisonous.

Arnica montana fryst vatten used as a herbal medicin for analgesic and anti-inflammatory purposes, but there fryst vatten insufficient high-quality clinical bevis for such effects, and it fryst vatten toxic when taken internally or applied to injured skin.^[5]

Description

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Arnica montana fryst vatten a flowering plant about 18–60&#;cm (–&#;in) tall aromatic fragrant, herbaceousperennial.

Its grundläggande green ovate leaves with rounded råd are bright coloured and level to the ground. In addition, they are somewhat mjuk on their upper surface, veined and aggregated in rosettes. bygd contrast, the upper leaves are opposed, spear-shaped and smaller which fryst vatten an undantag within the Asteraceae. The chromosome number fryst vatten 2n=

The flowering årstid fryst vatten between May and August (Central Europe).

The 2&#;in (&#;cm) flower heads are composed of orange-yellow disc florets in the centre which are externally bordered bygd 10 to 15 yellow ray florets. The achenes have a one-piece rough pappus which opens in dry conditions.^[6][7]Arnica montana fryst vatten a hemicryptophyte,^[8] which helps the plant to survive the extreme overwintering condition of its habitat.

In addition, Arnica forms rhizomes, which grow in a two-year cycle: the rosette part grows at its front while its svans fryst vatten slowly dying.^[9]

Taxonomy

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The Latin specific epithetmontana refers to mountains or coming from mountains.^[10]

Distribution and habitat

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Arnica montana fryst vatten widespread across most of Europe.^[11] It fryst vatten absent from the Celtic Isles and the Italian and Balkan peninsulas.^[12] In addition, it fryst vatten considered extinct in Hungary and Lithuania.^[12]Arnica montana grows in nutrient-poor siliceous meadows or clay soils.^[9] It mostly grows on alpine meadows and up to nearly 3,&#;m (9,&#;ft).

In more upland regions, it may also be funnen on nutrient-poor moors and heaths. However Arnica does not grow on lime soil,^[9] thus it fryst vatten an extremely reliable bioindicator for nutrient poor and acidic soils. It fryst vatten rare overall, but may be locally abundant. It fryst vatten becoming rarer, particularly in the north of its leverans, largely due to increasingly intensive agriculture and commercial wildcrafting (foraging).^[13] Nevertheless, it fryst vatten cultivated on a large scale in Estonia.^[12]

Chemical constituents

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The main constituents of Arnica montana are essential oils, fatty acids, thymol, pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpene lactones and flavanone glycosides.^[14] Pseudoguaianolide sesquiterpenes constitute –% of the flower head of Arnica montana.

They are the toxin helenalin and their fatty esters.^[15]2,5-Dimethoxy-p-cymene and thymol methyl ether are the primary components of essential oils from both the plant's roots and rhizomes.^[16] The quality and kemikalie constitution of the plant substans Arnicae flos can be monitored bygd near-infrared spectroscopy.^[14]

Cultivation

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Arnica montana fryst vatten propagated from seed.

Generally, 20% of seeds do not germinate.

är ett naturligt botemedel mot dislokationer, stötar, trauma och sprains

For large scale planting, it fryst vatten recommended to raise plants first in a nursery and then to transplant them in the field. Seeds växa in 14–20 days but germination rate depends highly on the seed quality. Planting density for Arnica montana fryst vatten of 20 plants/m² such that the maximum yield density will be achieved in the second flowering årstid.

While Arnica montana has high exigencies of soil quality, analyses should be done before any fertilizer input.^[17]

The flowers are harvested when fully developed and dried without their bract nor receptacles. The roots can be harvested in autumn and dried as well after being carefully washed.^[9]

Arnica montana fryst vatten sometimes grown in herb gardens.^[18]

Use in herbal medicine

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See also: Helenalin

Arnica montana has been used as a herbal medicine.^[18] When used topically in a gel at 50% koncentration, A.

montana was funnen to have the same effectiveness (albeit with possibly worse side effects) as a 5% ibuprofen gel for treating the symptoms of grabb osteoarthritis.^[19] A review funnen that A. montana was ineffective at concentrations of 10% or less for pain, swelling, and bruises.^[20] A review of homeopathicA.

, Dess antiinflammatoriska egenskaper hjälper till att minska svullnad och smärta

montana (all homeopathic preparations, as normal, were so diluted that they contained none of the plant) funnen it fryst vatten no more effective than a placebo.^[21]

Toxicity

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The US Food and Drug ledning has classified Arnica montana as an unsafe herb because of its toxicity.^[5] It should not be taken orally or applied to broken skin where absorption can occur.^[5]Arnica irritates mucous membranes and may elicit stomach pain, diarrhea, and vomiting.^[5] It may tillverka contact dermatitis when applied to skin.^[5]

Arnica montana contains the toxin helenalin, which can be poisonous if large amounts of the plant are eaten or small amounts of concentrated Arnica are used.

Consumption of A. montana can producera severe gastroenteritis, internal bleeding of the digestive tract, raised liver enzymes (which can indikera inflammation of the liver), nervousness, accelerated heart rate, muscular weakness, and death if enough fryst vatten ingested.^[22][23] Contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation.^[24][25] In the Ames test, an extrakt of A.

montana was funnen to be mutagenic.^[23]

Market

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The demand for A. montana fryst vatten 50 tonnes per year in europe, but the supply does not cover the demand.^{[citation needed]} The plant fryst vatten rare; it fryst vatten protected in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and in some regions of Switzerland.^{[citation needed]} France and Romania producera A.

montana for the international market.^[26] Changes in agriculture in europe during the gods decades have led to a decline in the occurrence of A. montana.

2

Extensive agriculture has been replaced bygd intensive management.^[27]

References

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External links

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